The lives of a Nazi collaborator and a woman who helped to hide
Anne Frank illuminate the history of the Holocaust.
Earlier this month, on 11 January, two individuals whose lives were
bound up with the story of the Holocaust died. One was male, the
other female. The former was born and lived in Estonia but later
fled to Finland and Sweden and ultimately found refuge in Venezuela,
where he became a multimillionaire. The latter was born in Austria,
but lived in Holland throughout the Nazi occupation and remained
in Amsterdam for the rest of her life. Both were ostensibly minor
figures during the years 1939-1945, but became better-known after
the war as news of their deeds was publicised. One was a Nazi collaborator,
the other a "Righteous Gentile".
I am referring to Harry Mannil, who served in the dreaded Estonian
political police, which carried out the arrest and execution of numerous
Jews and communists in Tallinn during the initial year of the Nazi
occupation and to Miep Gies, who played a critical role in hiding
Anne Frank, her family and four additional Jews from the Nazis in
Amsterdam and was the person who saved Anne's diary. While neither
had a prominent position, it would be instructive, as we approach
Holocaust Memorial Day to take a closer look at their activities
and the decisions they made during the war to focus on the important
lessons we can learn from the fate of European Jewry during the Holocaust.
In that respect, the most significant fact to keep in mind about
the Holocaust is that it was not an unavoidable natural disaster,
but a tragedy created by human beings. It did not have to happen
and might have been prevented if the right decisions had been made.
And that is why there is so much to be learned from its history and
why the work of organisations such as the Holocaust Educational Trust
are so vital. It was decisions made by human beings at every level
that determined the fate of so many people and that is why it is
illuminating to contrast two people like Miep Gies and Harry Mannil.
They were both relatively young when their countries were invaded
by the Nazis (Miep was 31, Harry 22) and probably had no inkling
that the war would create situations in which their decisions would
influence the fates of numerous Jews. Harry Mannil decided to join
the Estonian Nazi collaborators of the notorious political police,
which helped implement the Nazis' plan to annihilate all the local
Jews and eliminate the communists. He was involved in arrests and
interrogated at least seven Jews who were subsequently murdered.
In that capacity, he was part of the machinery of destruction that
rendered his homeland Judenrein ("free of Jews" in Nazi
parlance), as noted in the protocol of the infamous Wannsee Conference
at which the Final Solution was officially discussed. In contrast,
Miep Gies chose to assist those persecuted by the Nazis and risked
her life to try and save the eight Jews in the Frank family hiding
place, only one of whom ultimately survived.
The events of the second world war and the Nazis' determination
to annihilate all of European Jewry put the nations of the world
to serious tests of morality and integrity. The manner in which they
responded determined the fate of millions. The countries allied with
Nazi Germany had to decide whether to turn over their Jews over to
the Nazis while those in the free world had decide whether to help
save them by admitting them as refugees while emigration was still
possible. But there were also much more prosaic dilemmas faced by
those in occupied Europe. And it was under those circumstances that
individuals could make a difference in saving lives or murdering
innocent people.
That is why it is essential to remember people such as Miep Gies,
a model of humanity and selfless sacrifice, but also never to forget
those such as Harry Mannil, who chose to join the killers. Like millions
of Europeans, their decisions made a difference in determining the
fates of their Jewish neighbours, a lesson which should serve as
an important warning to all of us and to future generations.
guardian.co.uk
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